Quick Facts / Company Snapshot
- Company Name: OVH Groupe SA
- Commercial Name: OVHcloud
- Founding Year: 1999
- Headquarters: 2, rue Kellermann, 59100 Roubaix, France
- FY2025 Revenue: €1,085 million
- Adjusted EBITDA: €437.8 million
- Adjusted EBITDA Margin: 40.4%
- Net Income (FY2025): €0.4 million
- Total Customers: Approximately 1.6 million
- Global Employee Count: Approximately 3,000
- Number of Datacenters: 44
- Geographical Footprint: 140 countries across 4 continents
- Servers: 500,000
- Private Cloud Revenue Share: 62%
- Public Cloud Revenue Share: 20%
- Web Cloud & Other Revenue Share: 18%
- PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness): 1.24
- WUE (Water Usage Effectiveness): 0.34 L/kWh
- Chairman & CEO: Octave Klaba
Company Overview
OVH Groupe SA, widely recognised under its commercial brand OVHcloud, stands as the leading European cloud provider with a robust global footprint. The company operates as a comprehensive digital infrastructure provider, offering a unique value proposition that combines technological performance, price predictability, and strict data sovereignty. OVHcloud distinguishes itself through an integrated vertical model, granting it complete control over its value chain—from the design and manufacturing of servers to the construction and management of datacenters and the orchestration of its proprietary fibre optic network.
The Group’s mission centers on providing secure, reliable, open, and sustainable cloud services to a diverse clientele ranging from individual developers and small businesses to large enterprises and public sector entities. OVHcloud positions itself as a champion of a trusted cloud, ensuring that customers retain control over their data, protected from extraterritorial laws. This commitment to data sovereignty is a cornerstone of its strategy, particularly within the European market where regulatory compliance and data privacy are paramount.
Operating 44 datacenters across 10 countries and four continents, OVHcloud serves approximately 1.6 million customers. The company’s infrastructure is designed to support the digitalization of the economy, offering solutions that cover the entire spectrum of cloud usage, including Bare Metal servers, Hosted Private Cloud, Public Cloud, and Web Cloud services. OVHcloud’s industrial model allows for the deployment of cutting-edge technologies, such as proprietary watercooling systems, which significantly reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.
In the fiscal year 2025, OVHcloud achieved a historic milestone by surpassing €1 billion in revenue, reflecting its sustained growth and the scalability of its operations. The Group employs nearly 3,000 individuals globally, fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. With a strategic focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing, OVHcloud aims to remain at the forefront of the next technological revolutions, providing the infrastructure necessary for the most demanding digital challenges.
Business Segments
OVHcloud organises its operations into three primary business segments, each catering to specific customer needs and technological requirements.
Private Cloud
Revenue: €671.6 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 61.9%
The Private Cloud segment is the largest contributor to OVHcloud’s revenue stream. This segment encompasses services and solutions hosted on resources entirely dedicated to the customer. It is designed for businesses seeking high performance, security, and isolation for their critical workloads.
Operational Scope: The Private Cloud offering is subdivided into two main product categories: Bare Metal Cloud and Hosted Private Cloud.
- Bare Metal Cloud: This solution provides customers with fully automated access to dedicated physical servers. Unlike virtualised environments, the customer has complete control over the machine’s resources without a noisy neighbour effect. The user operates and manages all software layers, including the operating system. Uses for Bare Metal Cloud include big data processing, machine learning, high-performance computing, online gaming hosting, and critical business applications such as ERP and CRM systems. OVHcloud offers various ranges, including “Eco” ranges using refurbished servers, ensuring accessibility for different budget levels.
- Hosted Private Cloud: This category offers a dedicated cloud infrastructure managed by OVHcloud teams. It integrates cutting-edge virtualisation and security technologies, such as those from VMware and Nutanix, enabling a technological continuum with the customers’ existing on-premises environments. This solution is particularly suited for hosting sensitive strategic data, such as health or financial information, and for companies requiring strict certifications like SecNumCloud.
Public Cloud
Revenue: €219.2 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 20.2%
The Public Cloud segment represents the Group’s fastest-growing area, driven by the demand for flexible, scalable, and on-demand resources.
Operational Scope: OVHcloud’s Public Cloud solutions are billed on a pay-per-use basis and are built on open standards such as OpenStack and Kubernetes. This approach ensures reversibility and interoperability, preventing vendor lock-in.
- Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): Customers access computing, storage, and networking resources that are pooled and shared. These resources can be deployed instantly on a massive scale, making them ideal for applications with variable traffic, such as e-commerce platforms and media streaming.
- Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): The Group has expanded its portfolio to include over 40 products, offering managed services for databases (Database-as-a-Service), containers (Managed Kubernetes), and Artificial Intelligence (AI Notebooks, AI Training). These tools allow developers to build and deploy cloud-native applications efficiently.
Web Cloud & Other
Revenue: €193.8 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 17.9%
This segment addresses the needs of individuals and small businesses establishing and maintaining their digital presence.
Operational Scope: The Web Cloud segment provides a suite of peripheral solutions essential for the online lifecycle of a business.
- Domain Names: Registration, renewal, and transfer services for domain names.
- Web Hosting: Hosting solutions for websites and online stores, ranging from basic personal sites to professional e-commerce platforms.
- Communication & Collaboration: Solutions including professional email accounts, Exchange services, and telecommunications services (VoIP, SMS) to support business connectivity.
History and Evolution
OVHcloud’s journey began in 1999 when Octave Klaba founded the company as one of Europe’s first internet hosting providers.
- 1999: Foundation of the company by Octave Klaba in France.
- 2000: First top-level domain accreditations (.fr and .be).
- 2002: The company began manufacturing its own servers, establishing its unique integrated industrial model.
- 2003: Implementation of proprietary watercooling technology for servers, a pioneering move for energy efficiency.
- 2004: International expansion commenced with operations in Poland and Spain.
- 2005: Opening of the first datacenter in Roubaix, France (RBX1).
- 2006: Deployment of a proprietary fibre optic network and opening of a datacenter in Germany.
- 2010: Expansion into cloud services marked a strategic pivot beyond web hosting.
- 2011: OVH became the number one web hosting service in Europe.
- 2012-2015: Significant global expansion with the opening of datacenters in North America (Beauharnois, Canada) and additional sites in France.
- 2016: A major capital raise of €250 million saw KKR and TowerBrook Capital Partners become shareholders. Expansion continued into Asia-Pacific (Singapore, Australia).
- 2017: Acquisition of vCloudAir from VMware, strengthening its US presence.
- 2018: Rebranding to “OVHcloud” to emphasise its positioning as a cloud service provider.
- 2019: Introduction of Kubernetes technology in Public Cloud offerings and receipt of Health Data Hosting (HDS) certification.
- 2021: Initial Public Offering (IPO) on Euronext Paris on October 15, 2021. The company also received SecNumCloud qualification for its Hosted Private Cloud.
- 2022-2023: Acquisitions of ForePaaS (data analytics) and gridscale (edge computing).
- 2025: OVHcloud surpassed €1 billion in revenue and Octave Klaba was appointed Chairman and CEO to align vision and execution for the next strategic phase.
Products and Services
OVHcloud offers a comprehensive catalogue of over 80 IaaS and PaaS solutions, covering a wide array of digital needs.
Compute and Infrastructure Solutions
- Bare Metal Servers: Dedicated physical servers offering raw performance without virtualisation overhead. Available in various ranges including “High Grade” for critical workloads and “Eco” for cost-effective needs.
- Virtual Private Servers (VPS): Scalable virtual environments offering a balance between performance and cost for growing applications.
- Hosted Private Cloud: Fully managed VMware-based infrastructure providing a dedicated software-defined datacenter. Includes the SecNumCloud qualified range for highly sensitive data.
Storage Solutions
- Object Storage: Scalable, S3-compatible storage for unstructured data.
- Block Storage: High-performance storage volumes for compute instances.
- File Storage: Managed file systems for shared access.
- Cold Archive: Long-term data retention solutions.
Network and Security
- Load Balancers: Distribute traffic across multiple services to ensure availability.
- Private Networks (vRack): Connect servers across different datacenters privately.
- Anti-DDoS Protection: Industry-leading protection against distributed denial-of-service attacks, included by default with all products.
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
- Managed Kubernetes: Orchestration service for containerised applications.
- Managed Databases: Fully managed database engines including MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Kafka, and Redis.
- AI Solutions: Including AI Notebooks, AI Training, and AI Deploy to support the entire data science lifecycle.
Web and Communication
- Web Hosting: Shared hosting plans for websites and blogs.
- Domain Names: Registration services with a wide variety of extensions.
- Collaboration Tools: Microsoft Exchange, email solutions, and VoIP telephony services.
Brand Portfolio
While OVHcloud operates primarily under its master brand, it utilises specific sub-branding to target distinct market segments, particularly within its server offerings.
OVHcloud (Master Brand)
Revenue: Primary revenue driver across all segments. This brand encompasses the core Private Cloud, Public Cloud, and corporate-grade Web Cloud services. It represents the company’s premium, high-performance, and innovation-driven offerings.
Eco Range
Revenue: Included within the Private Cloud segment revenue. The Eco range is a strategic component of OVHcloud’s circular economy approach, giving a second and third life to hardware components. It includes:
- Kimsufi: Entry-level dedicated servers designed for hobbyists, students, and personal use.
- SoYouStart: Mid-range dedicated servers aimed at startups and small businesses.
- Rise: Affordable servers for professionals and small businesses requiring reliable performance.
This multi-brand strategy allows OVHcloud to address the “Digital Starters” market effectively while maintaining the premium positioning of its main enterprise solutions.
Geographical Presence
OVHcloud has a truly global presence, with revenue distributed across key regions. The company operates a “multi-local” strategy, adhering to local regulations and data preferences.
France
Revenue: €520.2 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 48.0% France is the company’s home market and largest revenue contributor.
- Infrastructure: Includes major datacenter campuses in Roubaix, Gravelines, and Strasbourg.
- Manufacturing: A server assembly plant is located in Croix, Hauts-de-France.
- Operations: Headquarters and core R&D teams are based here.
Europe (Excluding France)
Revenue: €316.8 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 29.2% This region includes operations in Germany, the United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, Spain, and others.
- Datacenters: Located in Limburg (Germany), Erith (UK), Ożarów (Poland), and a new site opened in Milan (Italy) in 2025.
- Growth: Driven by strong momentum in Central and Northern Europe.
Rest of the World
Revenue: €247.6 million Percentage of Total Revenue: 22.8% This segment covers North America and Asia-Pacific.
- North America: Includes significant operations in Canada and the USA. The region generated over €100 million in revenue in the USA alone.
- Datacenters: Beauharnois (Canada), Vint Hill (USA – East Coast), and Hillsboro (USA – West Coast).
- Manufacturing: A server production plant in Beauharnois, Canada.
- Asia-Pacific: Includes datacenters in Singapore and Sydney (Australia), with commercial presence in India.
Financial Performance Analysis
The fiscal year 2025 marked a period of robust financial growth and improved profitability for OVHcloud.
Profit and Loss Analysis
- Revenue: The Group reported revenue of €1,085 million, an increase of 9.2% as reported and 9.3% on a like-for-like basis compared to FY2024.
- Gross Margin: Reached €709.0 million, representing 65.4% of revenue, up from 63.2% in the previous year. This improvement was driven by operational efficiencies and reduced weight of infrastructure costs.
- Recurring EBITDA: Stood at €421.3 million, a 13.3% increase. The Recurring EBITDA margin improved to 38.8% from 37.5%.
- Adjusted EBITDA: Reached €437.8 million, an increase of 14.8%. The Adjusted EBITDA margin surpassed the 40% threshold to hit 40.4%.
- Operating Income: Amounted to €69.4 million, a significant rise from €25.7 million in FY2024.
- Net Financial Expense: Increased to €(65.1) million, primarily due to costs associated with debt refinancing and foreign exchange losses.
- Net Income: The Group turned a net profit of €0.4 million, recovering from a net loss of €(10.3) million in FY2024.
Balance Sheet Analysis
- Total Assets: Stood at €1,702.3 million as of August 31, 2025.
- Non-Current Assets: €1,531.6 million, including €993.3 million in property, plant, and equipment (servers and datacenters).
- Equity: €28.2 million, a decrease from €393.0 million the previous year, mainly due to a significant share buyback operation (€354.6 million).
- Net Debt: Increased to €1,253.7 million (including lease liabilities), compared to €820.5 million in FY2024. The leverage ratio stood at 2.7x adjusted EBITDA.
- Cash Position: Cash and cash equivalents were €41.9 million at the end of the period.
Cash Flow Analysis
- Operating Cash Flow: Gross cash flow from operating activities rose to €421.9 million, up from €377.6 million.
- Investing Cash Flow: Net cash used in investing activities was €(361.8) million. This includes €361.4 million in capital expenditure (Capex).
- Financing Cash Flow: Net cash used in financing activities was €(58.0) million, reflecting debt repayments and the share buyback, offset by new borrowings.
- Unlevered Free Cash Flow: This metric more than doubled to €57.6 million, demonstrating strong cash generation capability from operations before financing costs.
Board of Directors and Leadership Team
Leadership Team
- Octave Klaba: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The founder of OVHcloud, Octave Klaba re-assumed the CEO role on October 20, 2025, to align the company’s vision with its strategic execution.
- Stéphanie Besnier: Group Chief Financial Officer. Responsible for finance, performance, and investor relations.
- Michel Paulin: Served as CEO until October 2024.
- Benjamin Revcolevschi: Served as CEO from October 2024 until October 20, 2025.
Board of Directors
The Board is composed of 10 members, with a mix of family representatives and independent directors.
- Octave Klaba: Chairman.
- Henryk Klaba: Director and R&D Director for Infrastructures.
- Miroslaw Klaba: Director and R&D Director.
- Pierre Barrial: Lead Independent Director. Appointed Lead Director on June 23, 2025. Chairman of the Appointments, Compensation and Governance Committee.
- Corinne Fornara: Independent Director. Chair of the Audit Committee.
- Diana Einterz: Independent Director. Member of the Strategy and CSR Committee.
- Isabelle Tribotté: Independent Director. Member of the Appointments, Compensation and Governance Committee.
- Pauline Wauquier: Director representing employees.
- Mehdi Belaidi: Director representing employees (appointed Jan 2025).
- Christophe Karvelis-Senn: Non-voting member.
Committees:
- Audit Committee: Monitors financial reporting and risk.
- Appointments, Compensation and Governance Committee: Oversees leadership appointments and compensation policies.
- Strategy and CSR Committee: Guides strategic direction and sustainability initiatives.
Subsidiaries, Associates, Joint Ventures
OVH Groupe SA operates through numerous subsidiaries globally. The top revenue-generating entities reflect the company’s major markets.
Top Revenue Generating Subsidiaries (FY2025):
- OVH SAS (France):
- Revenue: €976.0 million
- Ownership: 100%
- Profile: The primary operating entity for the Group, based in France. It encompasses datacenter hosting, cloud service provision, and R&D activities. It also acts as the central hub for the Group’s European operations.
- OVH Holding US Inc. (USA):
- Revenue: €254.3 million (Gross)
- Ownership: 100%
- Profile: The holding company for US operations, ensuring strict legal separation to protect non-US data from extraterritorial laws. It oversees subsidiaries like OVH US LLC and OVH Data US LLC.
- OVH Limited (United Kingdom):
- (Specific revenue not individually itemized in summary table, but UK is a key market).
- Ownership: 100%
- Profile: Manages operations and the Erith datacenter in the UK.
- OVH GmbH (Germany):
- Ownership: 100%
- Profile: Manages the Limburg datacenter and commercial activities in Germany.
- Technologies OVH Inc. (Canada):
- Ownership: 100%
- Profile: A key entity in North America, managing the Beauharnois datacenter and manufacturing operations.
Other Notable Entities:
- KOSC: An associated company (41% ownership) providing XDSL services.
- Shadow SAS: A related party customer (formerly Hubic), operating in cloud computing.
Physical Properties
OVHcloud’s physical infrastructure is a critical asset, comprising datacenters, manufacturing plants, and offices.
Manufacturing Plants
OVHcloud designs and assembles its own servers, a rarity in the industry.
- Croix, France: The primary manufacturing facility for Europe.
- Beauharnois, Canada: Manufacturing facility serving the North American market.
Datacenters
The Group operates 44 datacenters globally. Key campuses include:
- Roubaix (France): The historic headquarters, hosting 9 datacenters (RBX1-9).
- Gravelines (France): A massive campus with 4 datacenters (GRA1-4), including SecNumCloud zones.
- Strasbourg (France): Hosting 2 datacenters (SBG).
- Beauharnois (Canada): A major North American hub with 8 datacenters (BHS1-8), located in a former aluminum plant powered by hydroelectricity.
- Limburg (Germany): 2 datacenters (LIM).
- Erith (United Kingdom): 1 datacenter (ERI).
- Ożarów (Poland): 1 datacenter (WAW).
- Vint Hill (USA): 1 datacenter serving the US East Coast (VIN).
- Hillsboro (USA): 1 datacenter serving the US West Coast (HIL).
- Singapore & Sydney: Datacenters serving the Asia-Pacific region.
- Milan (Italy): Newest site opened in 2025.
Offices
The company maintains commercial and support offices in major cities worldwide, including Paris, London, Frankfurt, Montreal, Dallas, Bangalore, and Singapore, to ensure local customer support and sales coverage.
Segment-Wise Performance
Private Cloud Performance
- Revenue Growth: +8.5% like-for-like.
- Adjusted EBITDA: €281 million.
- Trend: Growth was driven by the “Corporate” channel and the sovereign cloud offerings (SecNumCloud). The Bare Metal segment saw revitalization through new product ranges like “Advance 2026”.
Public Cloud Performance
- Revenue Growth: +17.5% like-for-like.
- Adjusted EBITDA: €92 million.
- Trend: This segment showed the highest growth rate, fueled by the adoption of PaaS solutions and the expansion of the product catalogue to over 40 services. The “Digital Scalers” channel is a key driver here.
Web Cloud & Other Performance
- Revenue Growth: +3.7% like-for-like.
- Adjusted EBITDA: €65 million.
- Trend: Stable growth supported by price adjustments and the continued need for digitalization among small businesses.
Founders
Octave Klaba Octave Klaba is the founder and current Chairman and CEO of OVHcloud. Born in Poland, he arrived in France at age 16. He founded OVH in 1999 while still a student at ICAM Lille. A visionary engineer, he developed the company’s vertically integrated model, including the proprietary watercooling technology. He remains the driving force behind the company’s strategy, particularly its focus on data sovereignty and technological independence.
The Klaba Family The company is a family business at its core. Henryk Klaba (father) and Miroslaw Klaba (brother) are also directors and hold key R&D roles within the company. Halina Klaba (mother) is also a significant shareholder. The family acts in concert to maintain control over the Group’s strategic direction.
Shareholding Pattern
As of August 31, 2025, the shareholding structure is heavily concentrated, ensuring stability in governance.
- Klaba Concert Party: 81.29% of share capital and 81.98% of voting rights. This includes holdings by Octave, Miroslaw, Henryk, and Halina Klaba, and their respective holding companies (Digital Scale, Deep Code, Yellow Source, etc.).
- Public Float: 16.05% of share capital.
- Employees: 1.83% of share capital, demonstrating strong internal engagement.
- Treasury Shares: 0.84%.
Parent
OVH Groupe SA is the ultimate parent company of the Group. It acts as a holding company, defining the Group’s policy and participating in the control of its subsidiaries. It does not have a separate parent entity; it is the top-level listed entity on Euronext Paris.
Investments and Capital Expenditure Plans
OVHcloud maintains a high level of investment to support its growth and infrastructure expansion.
- Total Capex (FY2025): €361 million, representing 33.3% of revenue.
- Growth Capex: €232.5 million (21.4% of revenue). This is directed towards building new datacenters and manufacturing servers to acquire new customers.
- Recurring Capex: €128.9 million (11.9% of revenue). This covers the maintenance and renewal of existing infrastructure.
- R&D Spending: The Group invested €163 million in Research and Development in FY2025.
- Strategic Priorities: Investments are focused on:
- Deploying the “3-AZ” (Three Availability Zones) region strategy, starting with Paris.
- Developing new PaaS products, particularly in AI and data.
- Upgrading datacenters for higher power density to support AI workloads.
Future Strategy
The Group is transitioning to a new strategic plan titled “Step Ahead” for the 2026-2030 period.
- Market Expansion: OVHcloud aims to expand its reach in the “Digital Starters” segment by improving customer experience and using AI to shorten innovation cycles.
- International Growth: Continued focus on North America and expanding the corporate customer base in Italy and Germany.
- Technological Innovation: A major push into Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing. The Group is positioning itself as the infrastructure provider of choice for these technologies, offering sovereign and secure environments.
- Data Sovereignty: Reinforcing its position as the primary alternative to non-European hyperscalers by expanding its range of SecNumCloud and other sovereign-qualified offerings.
- Sustainability: Maintaining leadership in sustainable cloud with targets to source 100% renewable energy for its datacenters by 2025 and achieving Net Zero on Scopes 1 and 2 by 2030.
Key Strengths
- Integrated Industrial Model: By manufacturing its own servers and building its datacenters, OVHcloud achieves lower costs and greater agility than competitors.
- Data Sovereignty: As a European player not subject to the US CLOUD Act (for its non-US operations), it offers a unique trust proposition for European entities.
- Price Predictability: The company offers transparent pricing with no hidden fees (e.g., no ingress/egress fees for data), protecting customers from “bill shock.”
- Sustainability: Proprietary watercooling technology eliminates the need for air conditioning in server rooms, resulting in industry-leading PUE (1.24) and WUE (0.34) metrics.
- Extensive Product Portfolio: A comprehensive range of 80+ products covering Bare Metal, Private, Public, and Web Cloud.
Key Challenges and Risks
- Competition: The cloud market is dominated by US “hyperscalers” (AWS, Microsoft, Google) with vast financial resources and brand recognition.
- Cybersecurity: As a major cloud provider, the Group is a prime target for cyberattacks. A significant incident could damage reputation and cause service outages.
- Supply Chain: Dependence on electronic components makes the company vulnerable to global shortages or price increases.
- Regulatory Environment: Rapidly changing regulations regarding data protection (GDPR, AI Act) require constant adaptation.
- Geopolitical Risks: Operations in multiple jurisdictions expose the Group to geopolitical tensions and varying economic policies.
Conclusion and Strategic Outlook
OVHcloud has successfully solidified its position as the leading European cloud alternative, breaking the €1 billion revenue barrier in 2025 while significantly improving its profitability. With a robust industrial model and a steadfast commitment to data sovereignty, the Group is uniquely positioned to capture the growing demand for trusted and sustainable cloud infrastructure.
The strategic pivot to reunite the Chairman and CEO roles under founder Octave Klaba signals a renewed focus on agility and long-term vision. By doubling down on innovation in AI and Quantum computing, and expanding its footprint in key international markets, OVHcloud aims to stay “One Step Ahead” of the industry curve. The company’s ability to combine high-performance technology with cost efficiency and strict data privacy compliance provides a compelling value proposition in an increasingly digital and regulated world.
Official Site: ovhcloud.com
FAQ Section:
- What is OVH Groupe SA’s total revenue for FY2025? OVH Groupe SA reported a total revenue of €1,085 million for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025.
- Who is the CEO of OVHcloud? Octave Klaba was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer on October 20, 2025.
- How many datacenters does OVHcloud operate? The company operates 44 datacenters across 10 countries and four continents.
- What is OVHcloud’s main business segment? The Private Cloud segment is the largest, contributing 62% of the total revenue in FY2025.
- Is OVHcloud profitable? Yes, for FY2025, OVHcloud reported a positive net income of €0.4 million and an Adjusted EBITDA of €437.8 million.
- What makes OVHcloud’s industrial model unique? OVHcloud designs and manufactures its own servers and builds its own datacenters, allowing for cost control and technological independence.
- What is OVHcloud’s stance on data sovereignty? OVHcloud guarantees that customer data is protected from extraterritorial laws (like the US CLOUD Act) for its non-US operations, positioning itself as a sovereign European cloud.
- Does OVHcloud offer Artificial Intelligence solutions? Yes, OVHcloud offers AI solutions such as AI Notebooks, AI Training, and AI Deploy within its Public Cloud segment.
Content is based on publicly available corporate filings, regulatory disclosures, annual reports, 10-K filings, Investor Relations materials, and direct mail communication with the company.
