Bachem Holding AG (SIX: BANB): Corporate Profile & Financials

Source: Bachem Annual Report 2025

Quick Facts / Company Snapshot

Metric Value
Company Name Bachem Holding AG
Headquarters Bubendorf, Switzerland
Stock Exchange & Ticker SIX Swiss Exchange: BANB
ISIN / Valor Number CH1176493729 / 117649372
Market Capitalization (Dec. 31, 2025) CHF 4.5 billion
Total Net Sales (2025) CHF 695.1 million
Total Number of Employees (FTE) 2 511
Core Focus Areas Chemical manufacturing of peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES)
Founding Year 1971
Founder Dr. h.c. Peter Grogg (1942–2025)

Company Overview

Bachem Holding AG is an innovation-driven contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) specializing in the development and chemical synthesis of peptides and oligonucleotides (collectively referred to as TIDES). With more than 50 years of experience, the company provides products and services covering research materials, clinical trial development quantities, and high-volume commercial production for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies globally. Headquartered in Bubendorf, Switzerland, Bachem operates multiple production and research sites across Europe and the United States, as well as a sales office in Asia, maintaining public listing on the SIX Swiss Exchange.

Business Segments

The Bachem Group operates as a single reportable business segment focused on TIDES manufacturing and development services. For reporting purposes, Bachem tracks net sales across three distinct product categories:

  • Commercial API: Manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients for approved, commercial-stage therapeutics. Generated net sales of CHF 343 383 thousand in 2025 (compared to CHF 327 002 thousand in 2024).
  • CMC Development: Contract development and manufacturing services for active pharmaceutical ingredients utilized in pre-clinical and clinical trial pipelines. Generated net sales of CHF 304 007 thousand in 2025 (compared to CHF 234 444 thousand in 2024).
  • Research & Specialties: Specialized production and research-grade peptide and oligonucleotide solutions. Generated net sales of CHF 47 680 thousand in 2025 (compared to CHF 43 813 thousand in 2024).

History and Evolution

  • 1971: Bachem AG is founded in Bubendorf, Switzerland, by Dr. h.c. Peter Grogg.
  • 1996: Acquisition of the Torrance, California, manufacturing facility in the United States, establishing a direct presence in North America.
  • 1999: Acquisition of the St. Helens site in the United Kingdom, which later became the Center of Excellence for Research & Specialties.
  • 2001: Acquisition of the production site in Vionnaz, Switzerland, dedicated to small molecule APIs.
  • 2015: Acquisition of the Vista, California, facility to expand US development and manufacturing operations.
  • 2018: Founding of Bachem Japan K.K. in Tokyo to service the Asia-Pacific territory.
  • 2023: Fire damages a building on the Vionnaz production campus; reconstruction commences alongside ongoing multi-site expansions.
  • 2024: Hans Van Hees joins Bachem as COO Europe; global employee engagement survey deployed.
  • 2025: Founder Dr. h.c. Peter Grogg passes away; reconstruction of the fire-damaged building in Vionnaz is completed; Swiss regulatory inspection of the first phase of the large-scale Building K facility in Bubendorf is successfully passed; Anne-Kathrin Stoller is appointed as CEO effective January 1, 2026.

Products and Services

Bachem’s portfolio encompasses chemical synthesis, purification, and analytical support tailored to the complexity and high molecular mass of peptides and oligonucleotides across three operational modes:

  • Contract Manufacturing Organization (CMO): Large-scale, commercial manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients for approved human drugs, addressing market needs and drug substance availability for high-volume treatments.
  • Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO): Process optimization, scale-up, analytical development, and supply of clinical batches for customer programs moving through clinical trials.
  • Trailblazing CDMO: Proprietary and partnered innovation in technology and process development, including alternative green solvents, advanced washing systems, and assessments of linear versus fragment-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
  • Comprehensive Services: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) support, regulatory documentation, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and stability testing under current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions.

Brand Portfolio

  • Bachem: Primary corporate brand and trademark for GMP-grade peptide and oligonucleotide synthesis and commercial API manufacturing.
  • Peninsula Laboratories: Long-standing brand entity in San Carlos, California, consolidated and merged into Bachem Americas, Inc. in November 2025.

Geographical Presence

The company maintains six primary international operating locations:

  • Bubendorf, Switzerland: Corporate headquarters and primary multi-purpose GMP manufacturing campus, employing 1 905 people. Home to the newly constructed high-volume Building K production facility.
  • Vionnaz, Switzerland: GMP production site specializing in small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, employing 126 people.
  • Torrance, California, USA: GMP-certified API development and manufacturing site, employing 203 people.
  • Vista, California, USA: GMP-certified manufacturing facility focused on high-volume production expansion, employing 226 people.
  • St. Helens, United Kingdom: ISO 13485-certified Center of Excellence for Research & Specialties, employing 50 people.
  • Tokyo, Japan: Regional business development and sales support office for Asia-Pacific, employing 1 person.
  • Sisslerfeld (Eiken), Switzerland: Strategic expansion location under long-term infrastructure and building development (Bachem Sisslerfeld AG).

Board of Directors and Leadership Team

The Board of Directors comprises non-executive members: Dr. Kuno Sommer (Chairman), Nicole Grogg Hötzer (Vice-Chairwoman), Dr. Alex Fässler, Dr. Steffen Lang, Prof. Helma Wennemers, and Dr. Simone Wyss Fedele. The Corporate Executive Committee consists of Thomas Meier (CEO), Alain Schaffter (CFO), Dr. Günther Loidl (CTO), Dr. Torsten Wöhr (CCO), and Hans Van Hees (COO). Anne-Kathrin Stoller was appointed to succeed Thomas Meier as CEO effective January 1, 2026.

We are seeing a clear trend toward large-volume production. Whereas in the past, various different peptides were manufactured on a single reactor throughout the year, today commercial production increasingly involves manufacturing the same peptide around the clock.

Dr. Kuno Sommer, Chairman of the Board of Directors

Future Strategy

Bachem’s strategic agenda focuses on strengthening its market position across peptide and oligonucleotide manufacturing through targeted capacity investments and operational enhancements:

  • Scale and Capacity Ramp-Up: Commissioning and commercial ramp-up of the large-scale Building K production facility in Bubendorf, together with expanded high-volume manufacturing at the Vista site and modernization at Torrance.
  • Long-Term Site Development: Development of the acquired plots at Sisslerfeld in Eiken, Switzerland, including utility tunnel construction and municipal infrastructure connections.
  • Operational Excellence: Maximizing yields and manufacturing turnaround using standardized, multi-purpose, automated reactor systems designed to mitigate batch-loss exposure.
  • Environmental Targets: Achieving a 44% absolute reduction in Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 (from a 2023 baseline), engaging 67% of suppliers by spend/emissions to adopt science-based climate targets, and reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 under the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi).

Key Strengths

  • Specialized Technical Expertise: Over 50 years of synthesis and purification knowledge concentrated on chemically complex peptides and oligonucleotides.
  • Scalable Manufacturing Network: Multi-site GMP operational infrastructure in Switzerland and the United States capable of delivering dual-sourcing options to multinational pharmaceutical clients.
  • High-Volume Asset Optimization: Deployment of multi-purpose automated reactor fleets balancing commercial scale-up with operational risk management.
  • Customer Integration: Deep relationships spanning pre-clinical research phases through to commercial drug supply, supported by long-term supply agreements and customer prepayments.

Key Challenges and Risks

  • Modality and Commercial Concentration: Therapeutic class concentration risks, such as shifts in the regulatory landscape, efficacy outcomes, or delayed side-effect profiles associated with major indications like GLP-1 analogues.
  • In-House Manufacturing Shift: The risk that large pharmaceutical customers construct internal API capacity rather than outsourcing to CDMOs.
  • Technical and Batch Production Hazards: High operational complexity in chemical synthesis and purification where process disruptions can cause costly batch rejections.
  • Regulatory and Environmental Scrutiny: Stricter requirements regarding wastewater management, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) disposal.
  • Currency Exposure: Transactional and translational risks related to exchange rate volatility, particularly between the Swiss franc, the US dollar, and the euro.

Conclusion and Strategic Outlook

Bachem delivered double-digit revenue expansion and margin progression in 2025, driven by strong worldwide demand for complex peptide active ingredients. With the completed regulatory qualification of Building K’s first phase in Bubendorf, continuing capital investment in North America, and strategic development of the greenfield Sisslerfeld site, the Group remains focused on scaling production capacities to meet expanding commercial requirements in high-volume modalities.

Official Site

Official corporate website: https://www.bachem.com

Income Statement / Profit and loss

Metric (in CHF 1 000) 2025 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Net sales 695 070 605 259 +14.84%
Cost of goods sold -495 338 -422 704 +17.18%
Gross profit 199 732 182 555 +9.41%
Other income 17 018 1 105 +1440.09%
Marketing and sales costs -15 950 -17 419 -8.43%
Research and development costs -10 228 -11 378 -10.11%
General administrative costs -23 269 -21 815 +6.67%
Operating income (EBIT) 167 303 133 048 +25.75%
Financial income 256 11 513 -97.78%
Financial expenses -11 160 -9 302 +19.97%
Ordinary income 156 399 135 259 +15.63%
Extraordinary result 0 -50 -100.00%
Income before taxes 156 399 135 209 +15.67%
Income taxes -7 606 -14 961 -49.16%
Net income 148 793 120 248 +23.74%
Earnings per share (in CHF) 1.98 1.60 +23.75%

Balance sheet

Metric (in CHF 1 000) Dec. 31, 2025 Dec. 31, 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Cash and cash equivalents 30 988 95 197 -67.45%
Trade receivables 179 261 240 489 -25.46%
Other current receivables 5 996 11 338 -47.12%
Prepaid expenses and accrued income 13 152 21 436 -38.65%
Current income tax asset 2 939 4 169 -29.50%
Inventories 494 430 450 163 +9.83%
Total current assets 726 766 822 792 -11.67%
Property, plant and equipment 1 334 008 1 063 292 +25.46%
Intangible assets 27 941 21 504 +29.93%
Deferred tax assets 20 010 15 383 +30.08%
Total non-current assets 1 381 959 1 100 179 +25.61%
Total assets 2 108 725 1 922 971 +9.66%
Trade payables 41 806 72 926 -42.67%
Other current liabilities 245 097 147 616 +66.04%
Accrued expenses and deferred income 47 928 46 960 +2.06%
Current income tax liabilities 13 301 13 325 -0.18%
Current financial liabilities 57 322 162 +35283.95%
Total current liabilities 405 454 280 989 +44.30%
Other non-current liabilities 186 548 192 988 -3.34%
Non-current financial liabilities 70 128 -45.31%
Deferred tax liabilities 58 336 57 777 +0.97%
Total non-current liabilities 244 954 250 893 -2.37%
Total liabilities 650 408 531 882 +22.28%
Share capital 750 750 0.00%
Retained earnings 918 533 801 980 +14.53%
Offset goodwill -1 404 -1 404 0.00%
Share premium 604 404 633 557 -4.60%
Own shares -3 910 -2 074 +88.52%
Cumulative translation differences -60 056 -41 720 +43.95%
Total capital and reserves attributable to equity holders 1 458 317 1 391 089 +4.83%
Total liabilities and equity 2 108 725 1 922 971 +9.66%

Cash flow

Metric (in CHF 1 000) 2025 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Net income 148 793 120 248 +23.74%
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in net working capital 192 437 210 503 -8.58%
Change in trade receivables 53 291 -59 223 -189.98%
Change in other current receivables, prepaid expenses and accrued income 12 478 -8 368 -249.12%
Change in inventories -54 106 -104 637 -48.29%
Change in trade payables -30 852 44 026 -170.08%
Change in other current liabilities, accrued expenses and deferred income 98 325 64 021 +53.58%
Cash flow from operating activities 271 573 146 322 +85.60%
Investments in property, plant and equipment -319 564 -273 841 +16.70%
Sales of property, plant and equipment 3 517 25 +13968.00%
Investments in intangible assets -9 832 -10 777 -8.77%
Sales of securities 0 133 234 -100.00%
Interest received 185 875 -78.86%
Other financial payments and proceeds 658 1 602 -58.93%
Cash flow from investing activities -325 036 -148 882 +118.32%
Dividends paid -30 731 -59 990 -48.77%
Increase in current financial liabilities 24 250 0 N/A
Repayment of current financial liabilities -165 -179 -7.82%
Additions of own shares -2 873 -1 057 +171.81%
Interest paid -396 -30 +1220.00%
Cash flow from financing activities -9 915 -61 256 -83.81%
Net effect of currency translation on cash and cash equivalents -831 1 288 -164.52%
Net change in cash and cash equivalents -64 209 -62 528 +2.69%
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 95 197 157 725 -39.64%
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 30 988 95 197 -67.45%

Subsidiaries & Joint Ventures

  • Bachem Holding AG: Bubendorf, Switzerland; Registered capital: CHF 750 000; Equity share: 100%
  • Bachem AG: Bubendorf, Switzerland; Registered capital: CHF 25 000 000; Equity share: 100%
  • Bachem Sisslerfeld AG: Baden, Switzerland; Registered capital: CHF 100 000; Equity share: 100%
  • Bachem Distribution Services GmbH: Weil am Rhein, Germany; Registered capital: EUR 128 000; Equity share: 100%
  • Bachem (UK) Ltd.: St. Helens, United Kingdom; Registered capital: GBP 2 500; Equity share: 100%
  • Bachem Americas, Inc.: Torrance, United States; Registered capital: USD 3 000; Equity share: 100%
  • Peninsula Laboratories, LLC: San Carlos, United States; Registered capital: USD 32 000; Merged into Bachem Americas, Inc. as of November 19, 2025 (2024: 100%)
  • Bachem Japan K.K.: Tokyo, Japan; Registered capital: JPY 10 000 000; Equity share: 100%

Other Investments & Holdings

  • Cross-shareholdings: None
  • Associated companies and joint ventures: None reported under the equity method
  • Non-consolidated related party entities:
  • Chemoforma AG
  • Hotel Bad Schauenburg AG
  • Ingro Finanz AG
  • MFC Beteiligungs AG
  • Pension fund of the Swiss Group Companies
  • Sunstar Group

Physical properties

  • Bubendorf, Switzerland: Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416 Bubendorf; Bachem Headquarters and production facility; GMP site; 1 905 employees
  • Vionnaz, Switzerland: Route du Simplon 22, 1895 Vionnaz; Small molecule API development and manufacturing facility; GMP site; 126 employees
  • Sisslerfeld in Eiken, Switzerland: Planned production site; fourth and fifth plots of land acquired in 2025; utilities access tunnel application filed
  • Torrance, California, United States: 3132 Kashiwa Street, Torrance, CA 90505; API development and production facility; GMP site; 203 employees
  • Vista, California, United States: 1271 Avenida Chelsea, Vista, CA 92081; API development and production facility; GMP site; 226 employees
  • St. Helens, Merseyside, United Kingdom: 1 Delph Court, Sherdley Business Park, Sullivans Way, St. Helens WA9 5GL; Center of Excellence Research & Specialties; ISO 13485 certified; 50 employees
  • Tokyo, Japan: Sales office for Asia; 1 employee
  • San Carlos, California, United States: Property derecognized and sold in 2025 for a net gain of CHF 2.3 million

Investments and capital expenditure

  • Total capital expenditure (Additions to Property, Plant and Equipment): CHF 322 217 thousand in 2025 (2024: CHF 280 483 thousand)
  • Cash paid for investments in property, plant and equipment: CHF 319 564 thousand in 2025 (2024: CHF 273 841 thousand)
  • Additions to software (Intangible assets): CHF 10 449 thousand in 2025 (2024: CHF 11 741 thousand)
  • Cash paid for investments in intangible assets: CHF 9 832 thousand in 2025 (2024: CHF 10 777 thousand)
  • Total investment reported across sites and facilities: CHF 332.6 million in 2025
  • Research and development expenses (P&L): CHF 10 228 thousand in 2025 (2024: CHF 11 378 thousand), representing 1.5% of net sales

Shareholding pattern / Ownership

Shareholder / Category Shares Held (Dec. 31, 2025) Stake % (Dec. 31, 2025) Stake % (Dec. 31, 2024)
Shareholder group Family Grogg Not disclosed 58.3% Not applicable
Peter Grogg (via Ingro Finanz AG) Not applicable Not applicable 52.4%
Peter and Madeleine Grogg Not applicable Not applicable 5.4%
UBS Fund Management (Switzerland) AG Not disclosed > 3.0% & < 5.0% Not applicable
The Capital Group Companies, Inc. Not applicable Not applicable > 5.0% & < 10.0%
Institutional shareholders (overall category) 51 375 000 68.5% 66.7%
Private individuals (overall category) 12 525 000 16.7% 14.4%
Dispo (overall category) 11 100 000 14.8% 18.9%
Kuno Sommer (Chairman of Board of Directors) 48 000 0.06% 0.06%
Nicole Grogg Hötzer (Vice-Chairwoman, personal & related) 66 900 0.09% 0.09%
Alex Fässler (Member of Board of Directors) 33 580 0.04% 0.04%
Steffen Lang (Member of Board of Directors) 50 < 0.01% < 0.01%
Helma Wennemers (Member of Board of Directors) 9 750 0.01% 0.01%
Simone Wyss Fedele (Member of Board of Directors) 595 < 0.01% Not applicable
Corporate Executive Committee (Management total) 38 112 0.05% 0.05%
Own shares (Bachem Holding AG treasury shares) 64 460 0.09% 0.04%

Consolidated Financial Performance

Consolidated Income Statement

Metric (in CHF 1 000) 2025 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Net sales 695 070 605 259 +14.84%
Cost of goods sold -495 338 -422 704 +17.18%
Gross profit 199 732 182 555 +9.41%
Other income 17 018 1 105 +1440.09%
Marketing and sales costs -15 950 -17 419 -8.43%
Research and development costs -10 228 -11 378 -10.11%
General administrative costs -23 269 -21 815 +6.67%
Operating income (EBIT) 167 303 133 048 +25.75%
Financial income 256 11 513 -97.78%
Financial expenses -11 160 -9 302 +19.97%
Ordinary income 156 399 135 259 +15.63%
Extraordinary result 0 -50 -100.00%
Income before taxes 156 399 135 209 +15.67%
Income taxes -7 606 -14 961 -49.16%
Net income 148 793 120 248 +23.74%
Earnings per share (in CHF) 1.98 1.60 +23.75%

Consolidated Balance Sheet

Metric (in CHF 1 000) Dec. 31, 2025 Dec. 31, 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Cash and cash equivalents 30 988 95 197 -67.45%
Trade receivables 179 261 240 489 -25.46%
Other current receivables 5 996 11 338 -47.12%
Prepaid expenses and accrued income 13 152 21 436 -38.65%
Current income tax asset 2 939 4 169 -29.50%
Inventories 494 430 450 163 +9.83%
Total current assets 726 766 822 792 -11.67%
Property, plant and equipment 1 334 008 1 063 292 +25.46%
Intangible assets 27 941 21 504 +29.93%
Deferred tax assets 20 010 15 383 +30.08%
Total non-current assets 1 381 959 1 100 179 +25.61%
Total assets 2 108 725 1 922 971 +9.66%
Trade payables 41 806 72 926 -42.67%
Other current liabilities 245 097 147 616 +66.04%
Accrued expenses and deferred income 47 928 46 960 +2.06%
Current income tax liabilities 13 301 13 325 -0.18%
Current financial liabilities 57 322 162 +35283.95%
Total current liabilities 405 454 280 989 +44.30%
Other non-current liabilities 186 548 192 988 -3.34%
Non-current financial liabilities 70 128 -45.31%
Deferred tax liabilities 58 336 57 777 +0.97%
Total non-current liabilities 244 954 250 893 -2.37%
Total liabilities 650 408 531 882 +22.28%
Share capital 750 750 0.00%
Retained earnings 918 533 801 980 +14.53%
Offset goodwill -1 404 -1 404 0.00%
Share premium 604 404 633 557 -4.60%
Own shares -3 910 -2 074 +88.52%
Cumulative translation differences -60 056 -41 720 +43.95%
Total equity 1 458 317 1 391 089 +4.83%
Total liabilities and equity 2 108 725 1 922 971 +9.66%

Consolidated Cash Flow Statement

Metric (in CHF 1 000) 2025 2024 YoY Growth (%)
Net income 148 793 120 248 +23.74%
Income taxes 7 606 14 961 -49.16%
Depreciation, amortization and reversal of impairment 39 592 43 262 -8.48%
Financial income -256 -11 513 -97.78%
Financial expenses 11 160 9 302 +19.97%
Share-based payments 3 375 1 536 +119.73%
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment -2 274 0 N/A
Loss on sale/scrapping of property, plant and equipment 135 112 +20.54%
Change in other non-current liabilities -5 367 47 286 -111.35%
Income taxes paid -10 327 -14 691 -29.71%
Cash flow from operating activities before net working capital changes 192 437 210 503 -8.58%
Change in trade receivables 53 291 -59 223 -189.98%
Change in other current receivables, prepaid expenses and accrued income 12 478 -8 368 -249.12%
Change in inventories -54 106 -104 637 -48.29%
Change in trade payables -30 852 44 026 -170.08%
Change in other current liabilities, accrued expenses and deferred income 98 325 64 021 +53.58%
Cash flow from operating activities 271 573 146 322 +85.60%
Investments in property, plant and equipment -319 564 -273 841 +16.70%
Sales of property, plant and equipment 3 517 25 +13968.00%
Investments in intangible assets -9 832 -10 777 -8.77%
Sales of securities 0 133 234 -100.00%
Interest received 185 875 -78.86%
Other financial payments and proceeds 658 1 602 -58.93%
Cash flow from investing activities -325 036 -148 882 +118.32%
Dividends paid -30 731 -59 990 -48.77%
Increase in current financial liabilities 24 250 0 N/A
Repayment of current financial liabilities -165 -179 -7.82%
Additions of own shares -2 873 -1 057 +171.81%
Interest paid -396 -30 +1220.00%
Cash flow from financing activities -9 915 -61 256 -83.81%
Net effect of currency translation on cash and cash equivalents -831 1 288 -164.52%
Net change in cash and cash equivalents -64 209 -62 528 +2.69%
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 95 197 157 725 -39.64%
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 30 988 95 197 -67.45%

Significant Shareholders

Shareholder Category Shares % Stake Dec. 31, 2025 % Stake Dec. 31, 2024
Shareholder group Family Grogg 43 725 000 58.3% n/a
Peter Grogg (via Ingro Finanz AG) n/a n/a 52.4%
Peter and Madeleine Grogg n/a n/a 5.4%
UBS Fund Management (Switzerland) AG Disclosed band > 3.0 & < 5.0% n/a
The Capital Group Companies, Inc. Disclosed band n/a > 5.0 & < 10.0%

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Bachem’s primary area of business specialization?
Bachem specializes in the contract chemical development and manufacturing (CDMO/CMO) of complex peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) for pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners worldwide, spanning research, clinical trials, and commercial production.
Who serves as the CEO of Bachem?
Thomas Meier served as CEO throughout the 2025 reporting period. Effective January 1, 2026, Anne-Kathrin Stoller was appointed as the new CEO and Chairman of the Corporate Executive Committee.
Where are Bachem’s primary production facilities located?
Bachem’s primary manufacturing facilities are located in Bubendorf and Vionnaz in Switzerland, as well as Torrance and Vista in California, USA. An additional research and specialties facility operates in St. Helens, United Kingdom, and land has been acquired for a future production site in Sisslerfeld (Eiken), Switzerland.
What were Bachem’s reported net sales and operating income for 2025?
In 2025, Bachem achieved consolidated net sales of CHF 695 070 thousand and an operating income (EBIT) of CHF 167 303 thousand, compared to net sales of CHF 605 259 thousand and EBIT of CHF 133 048 thousand in 2024.