HomeSpecialty GraphiteHEG Limited (NSE: HEG)

HEG Limited (NSE: HEG)

Quick Facts / Company Snapshot

  • Company Name: HEG Limited
  • Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Manufacturing Facility: Mandideep (Near Bhopal), Madhya Pradesh, India
  • Industry: Graphite Electrodes & Carbon Products
  • Chairman, MD & CEO: Ravi Jhunjhunwala
  • Revenue from Operations (FY 2024-25): ₹2,153 Crore
  • Net Profit (FY 2024-25): ₹101 Crore
  • EBITDA (FY 2024-25): ₹388 Crore
  • Market Capitalisation (March 31, 2025): ₹9,334 Crore
  • Global Positioning: World’s largest single-site integrated graphite electrode plant
  • Production Capacity: 100,000 Tons Per Annum (TPA)
  • Export Contribution: Approximately 70% of revenue
  • Global Footprint: Exports to over 30 countries
  • Key Customers: Catering to the top 25 steel producers globally
  • Stock Exchange Listings: BSE Limited (509631) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (HEG)
  • Total Employees: 1,113 (Permanent employees as of March 31, 2025)
  • Dividend Proposed (FY 2024-25): ₹1.80 per equity share
  • Upcoming Diversification: Graphite Anode for Lithium-ion batteries (20,000 TPA capacity)
  • Sustainability Focus: Dedicated renewable energy portfolio including hydroelectric power

Company Overview

HEG Limited is a leading global manufacturer of graphite electrodes, operating the world’s largest single-site integrated graphite electrode plant in Mandideep, Madhya Pradesh. Established in 1972, the company has positioned itself as a premier player in the carbon and graphite industry, catering extensively to the steel manufacturing sector, specifically Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF).

The company functions under the philosophy of being “Resilient and Ready,” a mantra that reflects its ability to navigate volatile market cycles while aggressively preparing for future demand surges. HEG Limited prides itself on its operational excellence, technological leadership, and cost-competitiveness. It is the youngest player in the global graphite electrode space but has scaled rapidly to command a significant share of the global export market.

HEG’s core competence lies in its ability to produce Ultra High Power (UHP) and High Power (HP) electrodes, which are critical components in the production of steel through the EAF route. The company has consistently operated at high capacity utilization rates, even during challenging market conditions, maintaining a utilization of 77% in FY 2024-25 against an installed capacity of 100,000 tons.

Beyond its traditional stronghold in graphite electrodes, HEG Limited is currently undertaking a strategic pivot toward green energy materials. The company is in the process of establishing a manufacturing facility for graphite anodes, a key component for Lithium-ion batteries, thereby aligning its long-term growth trajectory with the global energy transition and the burgeoning Electric Vehicle (EV) sector.


Business Segments

HEG Limited operates primarily through two distinct business segments: Graphite Electrodes and Power Generation.

Graphite Electrodes Segment

This is the primary revenue engine of the company, accounting for the vast majority of its turnover.

  • Revenue (FY 2024-25): ₹2,120.05 Crore
  • Percentage of Total Revenue: 98.48%
  • Installed Capacity: 100,000 Tons Per Annum (TPA)

Operational Scope:

The Graphite Electrodes segment involves the manufacturing and export of high-grade graphite electrodes used in Electric Arc Furnaces for steel production. HEG produces various grades, including Ultra High Power (UHP) electrodes, which are essential for modern, high-efficiency steel plants. The manufacturing process is highly energy-intensive and technologically complex, requiring high-quality needle coke as the primary raw material.

Key Highlights:

  • Single-Site Advantage: All 100,000 tons of capacity are located at a single facility in Mandideep, providing significant economies of scale and operational efficiencies.
  • Export Dominance: The segment exports approximately 70% of its production, serving steel giants in over 30 countries.
  • Cost Leadership: HEG is positioned as one of the lowest-cost producers of graphite electrodes globally.

Power Generation Segment

This segment serves as a backward integration initiative to secure reliable energy for the energy-intensive electrode manufacturing process.

  • Revenue (FY 2024-25): ₹32.66 Crore
  • Percentage of Total Revenue: 1.52%
  • Total Capacity: Approximately 86 MW

Operational Scope:

The power portfolio includes two thermal power plants and a hydroelectric power facility.

  • Thermal Power: The thermal plants remained closed for most of the year 2024-25 due to the un-economical price of coal-generated power.
  • Hydro Power: The company operates a hydroelectric power plant at Tawa Nagar, Distt. Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. The power generated from the hydro facility is sold in the market through the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) and bipartite power purchase agreements.
  • Captive Use vs. Grid: Currently, the company purchases its power requirements from the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, while the hydro power generated is monetized externally.

History and Evolution

HEG Limited was incorporated in 1972 and has since evolved from a domestic manufacturer into a global export powerhouse.

  • Foundation (1970s): Established in 1972, HEG Limited commenced operations with a vision to support the Indian steel industry. It set up its plant in Mandideep, near Bhopal, at a time when the region lacked formal industrial infrastructure.
  • Capacity Expansion: The company has progressively scaled its manufacturing capabilities. It expanded from an initial capacity of 60,000 tons to 80,000 tons, and subsequently to its current capacity of 100,000 tons per annum. This expansion was achieved entirely at a single location, making it the largest single-site facility in the western world.
  • Strategic Growth: Over five decades, HEG successfully navigated multiple industry cycles, earning a reputation for resilience. It was the last major entrant into the global graphite electrode space about 50 years ago and has risen to become the third-largest player globally (excluding China).
  • Restructuring (2024-25): The company is currently undergoing a significant corporate restructuring. The Board of Directors has approved a Composite Scheme of Arrangement to demerge the Graphite Business into a separate listed entity (HEG Graphite Limited), while the existing company (to be renamed) will house the Graphite Anode and Power businesses.

Products and Services

HEG Limited’s product portfolio is specialized, focusing on high-value industrial consumables.

Graphite Electrodes

  • Revenue Contribution: ₹2,120.05 Crore
  • Product Grades:
    • Ultra High Power (UHP) Electrodes: Designed for high-output electric arc furnaces, capable of withstanding extreme electrical currents and thermal shock.
    • High Power (HP) Electrodes: Used in standard electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces.
  • Application: These electrodes act as conductors of electricity in furnaces to melt scrap steel. They are indispensable in the EAF steelmaking route, which is more environmentally friendly compared to the Blast Furnace route.
  • Quality Standards: The products are manufactured to rigorous international standards, ensuring low consumption rates and high furnace productivity for customers.

Power Generation

  • Revenue Contribution: ₹32.66 Crore
  • Hydro Electric Power: Clean energy generated from the Tawa hydroelectric plant.
  • Revenue Model: Sale of power units through energy exchanges and open access agreements.

Graphite Anode (Upcoming)

  • Status: Project implementation phase.
  • Product: Anode powder for Lithium-ion battery cells.
  • Target Capacity: 20,000 TPA in Phase 1.
  • Market: Electric Vehicle (EV) battery manufacturing and energy storage systems.

Brand Portfolio

HEG Limited markets its products primarily under its corporate brand HEG.

  • Brand Reputation: The HEG brand is synonymous with quality and reliability in the global steel industry. It is recognized for delivering products that meet the stringent technical requirements of the world’s largest steel producers.
  • Customer Relationships: The brand has established long-standing relationships with the top 25 steel companies globally, reinforcing its status as a preferred supplier.
HEG Limited Logo
HEG Limited Logo

Geographical Presence

HEG Limited has a robust domestic and international presence.

Manufacturing Footprint

  • Graphite Electrode Plant: Mandideep, District Raisen, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Hydro Electric Power Plant: Village Ranipur, Tawa Nagar, District Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Proposed Anode Plant: Dewas, Madhya Pradesh (Land acquired and groundwork commenced).

Corporate Office

  • Location: Noida, Uttar Pradesh (Headquarters).

Global Reach

HEG exports to over 35 countries. The company maintains a marketing presence across key steel-producing regions including Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, and Southeast Asia.

Region-wise Revenue Breakdown (Standalone)

GeographyRevenue (FY 2024-25)% of Total Revenue
Within India₹863.47 Crore40.11%
Outside India₹1,289.24 Crore59.89%
Total₹2,152.71 Crore100.00%

(Note: “Within India” revenue includes sales to SEZ units. The report notes that exports account for approx. 70% of production volume/sales contextually, while the financial table classifies revenue by customer location).


Financial Performance Analysis

The financial year 2024-25 was characterized by global headwinds in the steel sector, which impacted pricing and margins. However, HEG Limited maintained a healthy balance sheet and continued its capital expenditure programs.

Consolidated Performance Trend

MetricFY 2022-23FY 2023-24FY 2024-25
Total Income₹2,576 Crore₹2,537 Crore₹2,279 Crore
EBITDA₹729 Crore₹526 Crore₹388 Crore
Net Profit₹456 Crore₹232 Crore₹101 Crore
EPS (Basic)₹23.60₹12.00₹5.25

Standalone Performance

  • Revenue from Operations: Declined to ₹2,153 Crore in FY25 from ₹2,395 Crore in FY24.
  • Profitability: Net profit stood at ₹101 Crore, down from ₹232 Crore in the previous year, primarily due to lower sales realization and a loss on fair value of investments.
  • Operating Margins: Impacted by the dual pressure of reduced finished goods prices and stable but high raw material (needle coke) costs.

Profit and Loss Analysis

The Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended March 31, 2025, reflects the operational challenges faced during the period.

Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss (in ₹ Lakhs)

ParticularsYear Ended 31.03.2025Year Ended 31.03.2024
I. Revenue from Operations2,15,270.912,39,490.36
II. Other Income12,667.7914,166.98
III. Total Income (I + II)2,27,938.702,53,657.34
IV. Expenses:
Cost of materials consumed95,472.601,09,299.68
Changes in inventories (FG/WIP)(5,096.94)5,839.04
Employee benefit expenses9,718.259,479.87
Finance costs3,919.643,573.86
Depreciation and amortisation20,054.4317,465.14
Other expenses89,089.4276,475.73
Total Expenses2,13,157.402,22,133.32
V. Profit Before Tax14,781.3031,524.02
VI. Tax Expense:
Current tax4,944.597,564.12
Earlier years tax adjustment(103.36)(106.76)
Deferred tax(191.16)912.35
Total Tax Expense4,650.078,369.71
VII. Profit for the Year10,131.2323,154.31
Earnings Per Share (₹)5.2512.00

Key Ratios (Standalone):

  • Operating Profit Margin: 2.80% (Decreased from 8.74% in FY24).
  • Net Profit Margin: 4.74% (Decreased from 9.73% in FY24).
  • Interest Coverage Ratio: 4.77 (Decreased from 9.82 in FY24).

Balance Sheet Analysis

HEG Limited maintains a strong capital structure with low leverage and substantial net worth.

Consolidated Balance Sheet Summary (in ₹ Lakhs)

ParticularsAs at 31.03.2025As at 31.03.2024
ASSETS
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment2,13,831.622,04,395.73
Capital Work-in-Progress33,599.9829,864.71
Investment Property511.96525.04
Goodwill on Consolidation258.85
Other Intangible Assets302.2655.45
Investments in Associates1,06,750.811,02,308.20
Financial Assets (Investments)675.25620.24
Other Non-Current Assets12,875.0216,149.32
Current Assets
Inventories81,135.2491,480.95
Financial Assets (Investments)99,692.6163,138.89
Trade Receivables49,944.4745,984.78
Cash and Cash Equivalents419.66329.81
Bank Balances (other than cash)10,181.3836,862.59
Loans48.7762.77
Other Financial Assets231.781,323.00
Current Tax Assets (Net)10,486.3010,530.14
Other Current Assets6,439.119,073.06
Total Assets6,27,384.976,12,704.68
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Equity Share Capital3,859.593,859.59
Other Equity4,41,515.604,24,932.19
Non-Controlling Interest0.40
Non-Current Liabilities
Financial Liabilities (Borrowings)26,083.5632,842.27
Provisions1,515.011,460.67
Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net)13,006.5214,082.93
Current Liabilities
Financial Liabilities (Borrowings)90,629.4977,595.63
Trade Payables14,834.7020,495.89
Other Financial Liabilities28,154.2135,420.94
Other Current Liabilities1,516.351,080.45
Provisions179.91163.78
Current Tax Liabilities (Net)1,420.921,172.04
Total Equity and Liabilities6,27,384.976,12,704.68

Key Balance Sheet Ratios (Standalone):

  • Net Worth: ₹4,160 Crore (Increase from ₹4,145 Crore in FY24).
  • Current Ratio: 2.19.
  • Debt-Equity Ratio: 0.14 (Highly favorable leverage position).

Cash Flow Analysis

The company’s cash flow dynamics highlight its operational capabilities and investment activities.

Standalone Cash Flow Summary (in ₹ Crore)

  • Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities: ₹319 Crore (FY25) vs ₹615 Crore (FY24).
  • Reason for Decline: The reduction was primarily driven by lower operating margins and profitability during the fiscal year.
  • Investing Activities: The company continued to invest significantly in capital expenditure (Capex) and managed its investment portfolio in liquid funds.
  • Financing Activities: Involved repayment of borrowings and payment of dividends to shareholders.

Board of Directors and Leadership Team

HEG Limited is governed by a diverse Board comprising experienced industry leaders and independent professionals.

Executive Directors

  • Shri Ravi Jhunjhunwala: Chairman, Managing Director & CEO. He has led the company for over four decades, steering it through multiple expansion phases.
  • Shri Manish Gulati: Executive Director. He brings over 32 years of experience, holding qualifications in BE (Electronics) and MBA (Marketing & Finance). He is also designated as the Chief Sustainability Officer.

Non-Executive Directors

  • Shri Riju Jhunjhunwala: Vice Chairman.
  • Smt. Vinita Singhania: Non-Executive Director.
  • Shri Shekhar Agarwal: Non-Executive Director.
  • Dr. Kamal Gupta: Non-Executive Non-Independent Director.

Independent Directors

  • Shri Satish Chand Mehta
  • Shri Sandip Somany
  • Dr. Nand Gopal Khaitan
  • Shri P.S. Dasgupta
  • Shri Jayant Davar
  • Smt. Ramni Nirula

Key Managerial Personnel (KMP)

  • Shri Ravi Kant Tripathi: Chief Financial Officer (Appointed w.e.f. November 13, 2024).
  • Shri Vivek Chaudhary: Company Secretary.

Subsidiaries, Associates, Joint Ventures

HEG Limited has three wholly-owned subsidiaries and one associate company as of March 31, 2025.

Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

  1. TACC Limited:
    • Status: Wholly Owned Subsidiary.
    • Financials (FY25): Net Loss of ₹70.21 Crore.
    • Operations: No business operations during the financial year.
  2. HEG Graphite Limited:
    • Status: Wholly Owned Subsidiary (Incorporated June 4, 2024).
    • Purpose: Created to house the Graphite Business post-demerger.
    • Financials (FY25): Net Loss of ₹0.04 Crore.
  3. Bhilwara Infotechnology Limited (BIL):
    • Status: Became a Wholly Owned Subsidiary during FY 2024-25 (previously an associate).
    • Revenue (Consolidated FY25): ₹25.37 Crore.
    • Profit After Tax (FY25): ₹0.87 Crore.

Associate Company

  1. Bhilwara Energy Limited (BEL):
    • Relationship: Associate.
    • Revenue (Consolidated FY25): ₹577.71 Crore.
    • Net Profit (FY25): ₹32.18 Crore (attributable to owners).
    • Role in Restructuring: BEL is the Transferor Company in the proposed Composite Scheme of Arrangement, which will see it amalgamating with HEG Limited.

Physical Properties

HEG Limited’s asset base is concentrated in India, supporting its global operations.

  • Mandideep Plant:
    • Location: Near Bhopal, District Raisen, Madhya Pradesh – 462046.
    • Facility Type: Integrated Graphite Electrode manufacturing plant.
    • Capacity: 100,000 Tons Per Annum.
    • Features: Captive power generation capability, advanced machining centers, and R&D labs.
  • Tawa Hydro Electric Power Plant:
    • Location: Village Ranipur, Tawa Nagar, District Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh – 461001.
    • Facility Type: Hydroelectric power generation.
  • Registered Office:
    • Location: Mandideep (Near Bhopal), Distt. Raisen – 462046, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Corporate Office:
    • Location: Bhilwara Towers, A-12, Sector-1, Noida – 201301, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Upcoming Anode Facility:
    • Location: Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Status: Land acquired, machinery finalized.

Segment-wise Performance

The segment-wise results demonstrate the overwhelming contribution of the Graphite segment to the company’s bottom line.

Segment Results (Year Ended March 31, 2025)

ParticularsGraphite SegmentPower SegmentUnallocableTotal
Segment Revenue₹2,12,004.91 Lakhs₹3,266.00 Lakhs₹2,15,270.91 Lakhs
Segment Result (PBIT)₹21,661.06 Lakhs₹1,576.77 Lakhs(₹2,183.06) Lakhs₹21,054.77 Lakhs
Segment Assets₹3,86,113.63 Lakhs₹2,104.54 Lakhs₹1,46,363.44 Lakhs₹5,34,581.61 Lakhs
Segment Liabilities₹1,06,526.12 Lakhs₹249.61 Lakhs₹11,853.22 Lakhs₹1,18,628.95 Lakhs
Capex Incurred₹14,778.63 Lakhs₹43.94 Lakhs₹96.18 Lakhs₹14,918.75 Lakhs
  • Graphite Segment: Faced pressure on margins due to lower sales realization, though volumes remained resilient.
  • Power Segment: Revenue decreased marginally to ₹32.66 Crore from ₹33.83 Crore in the previous year.

Founders

HEG Limited was founded by the visionary industrialist Shri L.N. Jhunjhunwala. He established the company in 1972, identifying the strategic importance of graphite electrodes for the steel industry. His vision included setting up a graphite school and social infrastructure in Mandideep, transforming the region. The legacy continues under the leadership of the current Chairman, Shri Ravi Jhunjhunwala, who has been instrumental in the company’s global expansion.


Shareholding Pattern

As of March 31, 2025, the shareholding distribution of HEG Limited is as follows:

  • Total Equity Shares: 19,29,77,530 (Face Value ₹2 each)
  • Promoter & Promoter Group: (Detailed percentage not explicitly stated in snippet, but implied control via Board).
  • Public Shareholding:
    • Institutional Investors: Holds significant stake.
    • Non-Institutional Investors: Includes retail shareholders.
  • Shareholder Base: 1,53,063 shareholders.
  • Distribution:
    • 10,001 & above shares: 376 shareholders hold 84.85% of total shares.
    • 1-500 shares: 1,41,362 shareholders hold 6.28% of total shares.

Parent

HEG Limited is a flagship company of the LNJ Bhilwara Group, a diversified conglomerate with interests in textiles, power, graphite electrodes, and IT services. The group is known for its values of reliability and industrial excellence.


Investments and Capital Expenditure Plans

HEG Limited maintains a rigorous capital allocation strategy focused on growth and modernization.

  • Total Capex (FY 2024-25): ₹149.19 Crore.
  • Graphite Anode Project:
    • Investment Size: ₹1,850 Crore.
    • Financing: Debt-equity mix.
    • Timeline: Expected to be operational by 2027.
    • Scope: Establishing a 20,000 TPA plant for anode powder manufacturing.
  • R&D Spending: The company continues to invest in Research and Development to improve process optimization, energy efficiency, and product quality. The R&D team collaborates with prominent research centers.
  • Treasury Investments: As of March 31, 2025, the company held non-current investments of ₹675.25 Lakhs and current investments of ₹99,692.61 Lakhs.

Future Strategy

The management has outlined a clear strategic roadmap for the next 3-5 years.

  1. Corporate Restructuring (Demerger):
    • Objective: To unlock value by separating the Graphite Electrode business from the Green Energy businesses.
    • Plan: Two independent listed entities—HEG Graphite Limited (focusing on the traditional electrode business) and the existing company (renamed HEG Greentech Limited) focusing on Graphite Anode and Renewable Energy.
  2. Green Energy Transition:
    • Aggressively entering the EV supply chain through the Graphite Anode project.
    • Plans to double anode capacity from 20,000 tons to 40,000 tons in the next 4-5 years based on market dynamics.
  3. Graphite Electrode Growth:
    • Capitalizing on the global shift towards EAF steelmaking, which is less carbon-intensive.
    • Anticipating an incremental demand of 150,000 to 200,000 tons for graphite electrodes globally by 2030 due to decarbonization trends.
  4. Sustainability:
    • Enhancing renewable energy usage and reducing carbon footprint across manufacturing processes.

Key Strengths

  • Economies of Scale: Operating the world’s largest single-site plant (100,000 TPA) allows for superior fixed cost absorption.
  • Operational Efficiency: Maintained a capacity utilization of 77-80% while peers operated at 60-65% in FY25.
  • Backward Integration: Captive power generation (Hydro) helps manage energy costs.
  • Technical Expertise: Five decades of experience in complex graphite technology.
  • Financial Resilience: Low debt-to-equity ratio (0.14) and strong cash reserves enable the company to weather cyclical downturns.
  • Customer Diversification: No single customer or region dominates, with sales spread across 35+ countries.

Key Challenges and Risks

  • Chinese Exports: The surge in Chinese steel exports (110.7 million tons in 2024) depresses global steel prices and reduces EAF production in other regions, directly impacting electrode demand.
  • Raw Material Volatility: Dependence on needle coke, a specialized raw material with limited global suppliers.
  • Geopolitical Instability: Conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East disrupt supply chains and dampen industrial activity in key markets like Europe.
  • Market Cyclicality: The graphite electrode industry is inherently linked to the steel cycle, leading to periods of volume and price volatility.

Conclusion and Strategic Outlook

HEG Limited stands at a pivotal juncture in its history. While FY 2024-25 presented challenges in the form of global geopolitical tensions and subdued steel demand, the company demonstrated remarkable resilience by maintaining high utilization rates and safeguarding its market share.

The “Resilient and Ready” theme is not just a slogan but a strategic posture. With the imminent demerger, HEG is poised to create two focused powerhouses: one continuing its global leadership in graphite electrodes, and the other spearheading India’s entry into the critical battery materials supply chain. Supported by a robust balance sheet, a clear decarbonization tailwind in the steel sector, and a strategic entry into green energy, HEG Limited is well-positioned to generate enduring value for its stakeholders in the coming years.


FAQ Section

Q1: What is the primary business of HEG Limited?

HEG Limited primarily manufactures graphite electrodes, which are essential components for producing steel through the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) route.

Q2: What is the production capacity of HEG Limited?

The company has a production capacity of 100,000 tons per annum (TPA) at its single-site facility in Mandideep, Madhya Pradesh.

Q3: Does HEG Limited export its products?

Yes, HEG Limited is a major exporter, with approximately 70% of its revenue coming from exports to over 30 countries.

Q4: What is the new business vertical HEG is entering?

HEG is diversifying into the green energy sector by setting up a manufacturing plant for Graphite Anodes used in Lithium-ion batteries for Electric Vehicles (EVs).

Q5: What was the Net Profit of HEG Limited in FY 2024-25?

The company reported a standalone Net Profit of ₹101 Crore for the financial year ended March 31, 2025.

Q6: What is the proposed dividend for FY 2024-25?

The Board has recommended a final dividend of ₹1.80 per equity share of face value ₹2 each.

Q7: Who is the Chairman of HEG Limited?

Shri Ravi Jhunjhunwala is the Chairman, Managing Director, and CEO of HEG Limited.

Q8: What is the status of the demerger plan?

The company is in the process of demerging its Graphite Business into a separate listed entity (HEG Graphite Ltd), while the existing company will retain the Anode and Power businesses. This is subject to regulatory approvals.

Q9: Where are HEG Limited’s shares listed?

HEG Limited’s shares are listed on the BSE Limited and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE).

Q10: What is the Debt-to-Equity ratio of the company?

As of March 31, 2025, the standalone debt-to-equity ratio is a healthy 0.14.

Official Site: https://hegltd.com

Source: Content on FirmsWorld.com is based on publicly available corporate filings, regulatory disclosures, annual reports, SEC 10-K filings, investor relations materials, and, where applicable, direct communications with the company.

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Raveendranhttps://www.linkedin.com/in/raveendran-r-0a081a27/
Raveendran R is the founder and publisher of FirmsWorld.com, a global business information platform dedicated to simplifying company insights, industry knowledge, and business understanding for readers around the world. He specializes in transforming complex corporate data into clear, structured, and easy-to-understand information that benefits entrepreneurs, students, professionals, and researchers.