Quick Facts / Company Snapshot
- Company Name: Codexis, Inc.
- Ticker Symbol: CDXS
- Stock Exchange: NASDAQ
- Total Revenue (2024): $59.345 million
- Product Revenue (2024): $36.786 million
- Research and Development Revenue (2024): $22.559 million
- Total Revenue (2023): $70.143 million
- Net Loss (2024): $(65.276) million
- Net Loss Per Share (Basic and Diluted): $(0.89)
- Weighted Average Common Stock Shares: 73.408 million
- Accumulated Deficit: $562.8 million
- Depreciation and Amortization (2024): $4.946 million
- Depreciation and Amortization (2023): $5.518 million
- Core Proprietary Platform: ECO Synthesis™
- Primary Industry Focus: Pharmaceutical biocatalysis
- Target Market Application: RNA-based therapeutics manufacturing
- Displaced Industry Standard: Solid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis (SPOS)
- Key Pharmaceutical Collaborators: Merck, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers, Roche, Takeda
- Strategic Trademarks: Codexis, ECO Synthesis
Company overview
Codexis, Inc. operates at the vanguard of the pharmaceutical biocatalysis sector, engineering specialized enzyme solutions designed to revolutionize the manufacturing of complex therapeutics. The enterprise focuses on delivering customized, highly optimized enzymes that streamline the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and chemical intermediates. By transitioning traditional organic chemistry processes toward biocatalytic pathways, the organization provides pharmaceutical manufacturers with advanced tools to enhance manufacturing yield, improve safety profiles, and generate distinct environmental benefits.
The corporate trajectory is heavily anchored in advancing biomanufacturing paradigms, particularly within the rapidly expanding field of RNA therapeutics. The organization has pivoted critical resources toward the development and commercialization of its proprietary ECO Synthesis manufacturing platform. This platform represents a fully enzymatic approach to constructing RNA sequences, positioned as a highly efficient alternative to legacy chemical synthesis methodologies.
- Strategic technological focus centers entirely on engineered biocatalysis and enzymatic platform development.
- The total consolidated revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, stood at $59.345 million.
The business model relies on a dual-pronged revenue generation strategy. The organization secures capital through direct product sales of customized enzymes to major pharmaceutical developers and through collaborative research and development agreements. These strategic partnerships often include upfront payments, milestone achievements, and subsequent usage or royalty frameworks, deeply integrating the organization’s technological capabilities into the clinical and commercial pipelines of its global clientele.
The operational landscape is inherently capital intensive, characterized by substantial investments in research and development. The enterprise has historically operated at a net loss, prioritizing long-term technological disruption and platform commercialization over immediate short-term profitability.
Business segments
The organization delineates its financial performance and operational scope across two distinct revenue-generating segments. These segments reflect the dual nature of the business model: direct commercial supply of specialized products and the provision of advanced developmental services to global partners.
Product Revenue
The Product Revenue segment represents the core commercialization engine of the enterprise, capturing the financial inflows generated from the sale of proprietary enzyme products. These products are supplied directly to pharmaceutical manufacturers and contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) for use in the synthesis of APIs and intermediates. This segment underscores the successful transition of engineered biocatalysts from the laboratory setting into active, large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing supply chains.
- Segment Revenue (2024): $36.786 million
- Percentage of Total Revenue (2024): 61.99%
Operational scope within this segment is strictly tied to supply agreements and the fulfillment of commercial orders for established enzyme products. The financial viability of this segment is dependent on the continued utilization of biocatalytic processes by major innovators and generic pharmaceutical entities, resisting the competitive pressures of traditional classical organic chemistry routes and lower-cost geographical manufacturing hubs.
Research and Development Revenue
The Research and Development Revenue segment captures the economic value of the organization’s collaborative innovation capabilities. Revenue within this category is generated through strategic partnerships, where the enterprise is compensated for engineering novel enzymes or optimizing existing pathways for specific client-driven therapeutic targets. Financial inflows in this segment often materialize as upfront technology access fees, milestone payments tied to technical or clinical achievements, and collaborative research funding.
- Segment Revenue (2024): $22.559 million
- Percentage of Total Revenue (2024): 38.01%
The operational scope involves intense scientific collaboration with entities such as Merck, Novartis, Takeda, and Roche. This segment is highly volatile, as revenues are strictly contingent upon the successful navigation of complex scientific challenges and the advancement of clients’ therapeutic programs through stringent regulatory pathways. The failure of a partner’s drug candidate in clinical trials directly impacts the potential for downstream milestone realizations within this segment.
History and evolution
The developmental history of the enterprise is characterized by a continuous evolution from early-stage biotechnology research toward specialized, industrial-scale pharmaceutical biocatalysis. The organization has systematically built a network of strategic alliances, establishing long-term supply and collaboration agreements with tier-one pharmaceutical entities. Historical data indicates foundational supply agreements with industry leaders, notably Merck, dating back to 2012, which established early validation for the enterprise’s enzyme optimization capabilities.
- Strategic focus evolved from broad biotherapeutics to targeted enzyme supply and RNA manufacturing platforms.
- Accumulated strategic deficit highlights a history of intensive, continuous capital deployment into R&D.
Over subsequent years, the organization expanded its collaborative footprint, securing master collaboration and research agreements across diverse therapeutic modalities. The enterprise transitioned away from developing its own internal portfolio of biotherapeutic product candidates, strategically pivoting its scientific and financial resources toward becoming a critical technology provider for external developers.
The most significant contemporary evolutionary milestone is the conceptualization and ongoing development of the ECO Synthesis manufacturing platform. This marks a definitive shift from supplying discrete enzymes for small-molecule chemical reactions to attempting a systemic disruption of the entire RNAi therapeutics manufacturing supply chain.
Products and services
The commercial offerings of the enterprise are structured around specialized, high-performance biotechnology solutions tailored for the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. These offerings are categorized to align directly with the primary revenue segments of the organization.
Enzyme Products
This category encompasses the physical supply of proprietary, customized biocatalysts utilized by global pharmaceutical companies. These enzymes are engineered to replace or enhance specific chemical steps in the production of complex pharmaceutical molecules. The primary value proposition of these products includes the acceleration of delivery times, the improvement of manufacturing yields, and the provision of enhanced environmental and safety benefits compared to conventional chemical catalysts.
- Product Revenue Contribution (2024): $36.786 million
- Percentage of Total Revenue (2024): 61.99%
The market for these products is highly competitive, facing direct challenges from established industrial enzyme suppliers and specialized CDMOs. The ongoing commercial success of these enzyme products relies on proving superior performance metrics against classical organic chemistry reactions and chemo-catalytic alternatives utilized internally by pharmaceutical giants.
Collaborative Research and Development Services
The enterprise provides highly specialized research and development services, acting as an outsourced innovation hub for pharmaceutical partners. These services involve the bespoke design, optimization, and scale-up of novel enzyme pathways tailored to the specific molecular architectures required by the client’s drug development pipeline.
- R&D Services Revenue Contribution (2024): $22.559 million
- Percentage of Total Revenue (2024): 38.01%
Clients engage these services to overcome complex chemical synthesis bottlenecks. The service delivery model is deeply integrated with the client’s internal regulatory and clinical timelines. The enterprise leverages these service engagements to secure long-term economic participation in the resulting therapeutics through pre-negotiated milestone payments and downstream supply agreements.
ECO Synthesis™ Manufacturing Platform
Currently in active development, this represents the organization’s flagship technological platform targeting the RNA therapeutics market. The service and product hybrid aims to displace the established industry standard method known as Solid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis (SPOS), which utilizes phosphoramidite chemistry.
- Strategic position: Pre-commercial, representing the primary driver of future anticipated growth.
- Technological distinction: Fully enzymatic approach to RNA manufacture.
The platform is designed to overcome the inherent limitations of chemical-based RNA manufacturing by offering a highly scalable, fully enzymatic alternative. The successful commercialization of this platform service requires overcoming intense competition from well-funded CDMOs that have made significant capital investments in expanding traditional SPOS capabilities, as well as emerging competitors exploring alternative liquid-phase synthesis or competing enzymatic approaches.
Brand portfolio
The enterprise manages a focused portfolio of intellectual property and brand identifiers that represent its technological capabilities within the global biotechnology and pharmaceutical markets.
Codexis®
The primary corporate brand and operational identity under which all commercial and research activities are conducted. This brand serves as the umbrella identifier for the organization’s historical biocatalysis business, its strategic partnerships, and its corporate presence in the global financial markets.
- Total Revenue generated under corporate operations (2024): $59.345 million
- Percentage of Total Revenue: 100%
The brand is recognized across a network of tier-one pharmaceutical collaborators, including Novartis, GSK, and Bristol-Myers. The equity of this brand is tied to its reputation for product quality, performance reliability, and the successful delivery of complex biocatalytic solutions.
ECO Synthesis™
This trademark specifically designates the organization’s novel, proprietary enzymatic RNA manufacturing platform. It functions as a distinct technological brand, highlighting the enterprise’s strategic pivot toward the highly lucrative RNAi therapeutics sector.
- Current commercial status: Under active development and commercialization phasing.
- Strategic value: Represents the primary technological differentiator against traditional SPOS chemistry.
The brand is positioned to symbolize sustainable, scalable, and efficient biomanufacturing. It is critical to the organization’s strategy to differentiate itself from competitors offering incremental improvements to legacy chemical synthesis methodologies.
Geographical presence
The enterprise operates within a global pharmaceutical supply chain, with operational and revenue-generating exposure across multiple international regions. The financial reporting taxonomy indicates active business engagements categorized by major global theaters, highlighting the international scope of its biocatalysis and collaborative operations.
Americas
Operations and revenue generation within the Americas region represent a core component of the enterprise’s geographical footprint. This region includes engagements with major domestic pharmaceutical innovators and strategic venture investments in regionally based biotechnology firms.
- Key regional activities involve significant strategic alliances and capital deployment.
- Revenue metrics are fundamentally integrated into the consolidated global financial data.
The geographical exposure in this region is critical for accessing primary capital markets and engaging with leading developers of novel biotherapeutics and RNAi technologies.
EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, and Africa)
The enterprise maintains active operational and revenue connections within the EMEA theater. This region houses numerous legacy and active pharmaceutical partners, including established multinational entities with significant internal research and manufacturing operations.
- Regional exposure is vital for the global deployment of specialized enzyme products.
- Strategic collaborations within this zone drive distinct segments of collaborative R&D.
Operating within this region exposes the enterprise to diverse regulatory frameworks and competitive dynamics, particularly from established European chemical and industrial enzyme manufacturing conglomerates.
Asia Pacific
The Asia Pacific region represents a complex geographical operational zone. The enterprise engages with pharmaceutical manufacturers within this region while simultaneously facing intense competitive pressures from lower-cost manufacturing hubs based in countries such as India and China.
- Regional dynamics present both commercial opportunities and stringent competitive pricing pressures.
- Activities include strategic partnerships and localized supply chain integrations.
The organization must navigate the unique regulatory, safety, and environmental cost structures inherent to this geographical area, which often contrast starkly with those of Western markets, impacting the competitive viability of proprietary biocatalytic solutions versus conventional generic processes.
Financial performance analysis
The financial trajectory of the enterprise demonstrates the severe capital requirements inherent to pioneering disruptive biotechnology platforms. The consolidated performance for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, reveals a substantial contraction in top-line revenue generation compared to the prior twelve-month period, alongside a sustained position of net operational loss.
The organization is aggressively funding the advancement of proprietary performance enzyme products and the ECO Synthesis platform, necessitating high levels of capital expenditure without the immediate realization of matching commercial revenues. The financial performance is characterized by an accumulated deficit of $562.8 million as of the close of 2024, emphasizing the high-risk, speculative nature of therapeutic and biological development programs. The reliance on variable, milestone-based payments from a concentrated pool of pharmaceutical partners injects significant volatility into the multi-year financial trend analysis.
Profit and loss analysis
The income statement dynamics reveal a challenging fiscal environment for the organization in 2024. The enterprise experienced a notable year-over-year decline in total top-line generation, driven by contractions in both primary revenue segments. Despite generating substantial multi-million dollar revenues from product commercialization and collaborative R&D, the overarching cost of operations, platform development, and administration vastly outpaced financial inflows, resulting in a severe net loss position.
- Total revenue contracted from $70.143 million in 2023 to $59.345 million in 2024.
- The net loss expanded to $(65.276) million, translating to an adverse impact on basic and diluted earnings.
| Financial Metric | FY 2024 ($ in thousands, except per share data) | FY 2023 ($ in thousands) |
| Product Revenue | 36,786 | 42,906 |
| Research & Development Revenue | 22,559 | 27,237 |
| Total Revenues | 59,345 | 70,143 |
| Net Loss | (65,276) | Not fully disclosed for comparative |
| Net Loss Per Share (Basic & Diluted) | $(0.89) | Not disclosed |
| Weighted Average Common Shares | 73,408 | 68,131 |
Balance sheet analysis
The financial position of the enterprise reflects the accumulated historical costs of operating a deeply integrated biotechnology research and development organization. The balance sheet is heavily weighted by the sustained historical net losses incurred during the pursuit of platform commercialization and enzyme engineering breakthroughs.
- The enterprise carries a massive accumulated deficit totaling $562.8 million as of December 31, 2024.
- Historical cash and cash equivalents (Amortized Cost) stood at $8.742 million as of December 31, 2023.
| Balance Sheet Metric | As of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands) | As of December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands) |
| Cash (Amortized Cost) | Not fully disclosed | 8,742 |
| Accumulated Deficit | 562,800 | Not disclosed |
The sheer magnitude of the accumulated deficit underscores the critical necessity for the enterprise to successfully transition its ECO Synthesis platform into a commercially viable, high-margin revenue generator to ensure long-term balance sheet stability and business continuity.
Cash flow analysis
An analysis of the operational cash flows reveals the mechanisms through which the enterprise reconciles its substantial net losses. The organization utilizes adjustments for non-cash expenses, primarily depreciation and amortization of its specialized technological assets and physical equipment, to bridge the gap between reported net losses and actual cash utilized in operating activities.
- Depreciation and amortization expenses for 2024 totaled $4.946 million.
- These non-cash adjustments represent a slight decrease from the $5.518 million recorded in the prior year.
| Cash Flow Metric | FY 2024 ($ in thousands) | FY 2023 ($ in thousands) |
| Net Loss | (65,276) | Not disclosed |
| Depreciation and Amortization | 4,946 | 5,518 |
The persistent net loss position indicates a continuous operational cash burn. The organization must carefully manage liquidity and operational financing to sustain the prolonged development timelines required for its biotherapeutic support products and the ECO Synthesis platform.
Subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures
The enterprise engages in highly strategic, complex financial and collaborative relationships with several specialized biotechnology entities. These relationships often involve strategic investments, the acquisition of preferred stock, and intricate master collaboration research agreements designed to expand the organization’s technological footprint and secure future royalty streams.
Molecular Assemblies, Inc.
This entity represents a critical associate relationship for the enterprise. The organization has executed multiple financial and operational agreements with Molecular Assemblies, including a Commercialization and Enzyme Supply Agreement and a Master Collaboration Research Agreement.
- Financial engagement involves the acquisition of Series A and Series B Preferred Stock.
- Strategic intent focuses on royalty generation and collaborative product development.
This relationship highlights the enterprise’s strategy of embedding its proprietary enzyme technology into the research pipelines of aligned biotechnology innovators to secure long-term commercial upside.
SeqWell
The organization maintains a distinct financial and strategic relationship with SeqWell. The disclosed data indicates significant capital investments structured through preferred stock arrangements and corresponding warrants.
- The enterprise holds Series C and Series C1 Preferred Stock in SeqWell.
- The relationship also involves the generation of Research and Development Revenue.
This associate relationship functions as both an equity investment and an active collaborative partnership, diversifying the enterprise’s exposure within the broader genomic and molecular biology sectors.
Arzeda Corp.
The enterprise maintains a documented financial connection to Arzeda, categorized by the acquisition and holding of Series B Preferred Stock. This relationship positions the organization strategically adjacent to another entity operating within the competitive enzyme customization and optimization arena.
Physical properties (offices, plants, factories, etc.)
The operational scale of the enterprise requires specialized laboratory, research, and administrative facilities. The disclosed financial reporting indicates the capitalization of physical assets necessary to execute complex biomanufacturing and research protocols.
- Capitalized assets include designated Computer Equipment and Software.
- The organization also records assets related to Office Equipment and Furniture.
Specific geographical locations, square footage, and granular operational capacities of the manufacturing plants or research laboratories are not explicitly detailed within the current data parameters. The physical footprint is structured to support the strict quality control requirements necessary for enzyme production.
Segment-wise performance
The operational and financial performance of the enterprise is characterized by a universal contraction across both primary business segments during the 2024 fiscal year. This dual-segment decline highlights the broader macroeconomic challenges and the specific timing complexities associated with realizing milestone payments in the pharmaceutical development cycle.
- Product Revenue experienced a year-over-year contraction of approximately 14.2%, falling from $42.906 million to $36.786 million.
- Research and Development Revenue contracted by approximately 17.1%, declining from $27.237 million to $22.559 million.
| Segment | FY 2024 Revenue ($ in thousands) | FY 2023 Revenue ($ in thousands) | YoY Movement |
| Product Revenue | 36,786 | 42,906 | Decline |
| Research & Development | 22,559 | 27,237 | Decline |
The simultaneous contraction underscores the volatility of the R&D segment, which is dependent on unpredictable partner trial success, coupled with potential competitive or pricing pressures impacting the core commercial product supply chain.
Founders
Information regarding the original founders, their historical contributions, and their current involvement with the enterprise is not disclosed within the provided operational and financial data parameters.
Shareholding pattern
The capitalization structure of the enterprise is anchored by its publicly traded common stock on the NASDAQ exchange. The equity base is utilized not only for market capitalization but also heavily integrated into the organization’s compensation and strategic partnership structures.
- The weighted average number of common stock shares utilized in computing basic and diluted net loss per share for 2024 was 73.408 million.
- This represents an expansion of the equity base from the 68.131 million weighted average shares recorded in 2023.
The enterprise actively utilizes equity instruments, including stock compensation plans, employee stock options, and strategic warrants issued alongside preferred stock investments, indicating a dynamic and heavily utilized equity structure. Detailed granular breakdowns of promoter versus institutional or public holdings are not explicitly quantified in the provided summary.
Investments and capital expenditure plans
The forward-looking financial strategy of the enterprise is fundamentally reliant on sustained, high-volume capital expenditure directed toward scientific innovation. The organization strictly intends to continue funding the rigorous development of additional proprietary performance enzyme products to maintain its competitive edge in the fragmented biocatalysis market.
- Capital is aggressively prioritized for the advancement and commercialization of the ECO Synthesis manufacturing platform.
- Financial resources are deployed to secure and maintain a highly complex intellectual property portfolio.
The investment strategy requires a high tolerance for risk, as capital is continuously injected into long-timeline biotherapeutic support projects where successful commercial viability and ultimate profitability are highly uncertain and not guaranteed.
Future strategy
The strategic trajectory of the enterprise is singularly focused on technological disruption and the achievement of critical developmental milestones to reverse the historical trend of net losses. Management’s primary objective is to successfully commercialize the ECO Synthesis manufacturing platform, establishing it as the new industry standard for RNA-based therapeutic production.
- The organization seeks to expand its business through the formulation of new, high-value strategic collaborations.
- Future strategy relies on realizing contingent milestone payments, usage fees, and future royalty streams embedded in existing agreements with partners like GSK, Nestlé, and Aldevron.
The enterprise must aggressively navigate the complex regulatory landscapes governing its clients to ensure its engineered products successfully transition from clinical trials to full commercial therapeutic supply chains, thereby unlocking the long-term economic value of its collaborative R&D efforts.
Key strengths
The enterprise possesses distinct operational and technological advantages that position it as a critical player within the specialized biotechnology sector.
- Entrenched Strategic Partnerships: The organization boasts deeply integrated, long-term collaboration and supply agreements with massive multinational pharmaceutical innovators, including Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche.
- Proprietary Technological Platforms: The development of the ECO Synthesis platform provides a distinct, fully enzymatic technological differentiator in a market currently dominated by chemical-based legacy systems.
- First-Mover Advantage in RNA Biocatalysis: By targeting the inefficiencies of Solid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis, the enterprise is positioned to capture early market share in the rapidly expanding RNA therapeutics manufacturing sector.
Key challenges and risks
The enterprise operates within a highly speculative, capital-intensive environment fraught with severe operational, financial, and regulatory vulnerabilities that could materially threaten business continuity.
- Sustained Unprofitability and Financial Volatility: The organization has a long-standing history of massive net losses, carrying an accumulated deficit of $562.8 million. There is absolute uncertainty regarding if or when the enterprise will achieve sustained quarterly or annual profitability.
- Severe Regulatory Dependencies: The success of the enterprise is completely reliant on its customers successfully navigating extensive and highly unpredictable FDA (and international equivalent) regulatory clinical trials. Failure or delay of a client’s biotherapeutic candidate directly eradicates potential downstream milestone and royalty revenues for the enterprise.
- Intense Market Competition: The market for API manufacturing is dominated by established giants utilizing conventional chemical processes. The enterprise faces severe pressure from CDMOs like Agilent Technologies investing heavily in legacy SPOS chemistry, as well as aggressive competition from large industrial enzyme companies (Novozymes, DuPont) and specialized startups (EnPlusOne Biosciences, Arzeda). Furthermore, competitors in low-cost regions like India and China present significant pricing threats due to lower regulatory and environmental overhead.
- Intellectual Property Litigation Threats: The enterprise operates in a highly litigious technological sector. Competitors may aggressively assert patents against the organization, forcing costly litigation that diverts management focus. An unfavorable ruling could mandate the payment of severe monetary damages, force the undesirable licensing of technology, or require the complete redesign of the ECO Synthesis platform, halting commercialization efforts entirely.
Conclusion and strategic outlook
Codexis, Inc. stands at a critical strategic inflection point. The enterprise has successfully established a multi-million dollar revenue base by supplying highly complex engineered enzymes to the world’s leading pharmaceutical conglomerates. However, the operational reality is defined by severe, sustained net losses and an accumulated deficit exceeding half a billion dollars.
The strategic outlook hinges entirely on the successful commercial realization of the ECO Synthesis manufacturing platform. If the enterprise can successfully disrupt the legacy chemical manufacturing standards of the RNA therapeutics market and convert its extensive pipeline of collaborative R&D agreements into commercial royalties and supply contracts, it possesses the technological foundation to achieve profitability. Conversely, the intense competitive pressures from well-funded CDMOs and the inherent, extreme risks of the FDA regulatory pathways governing its clients present massive, existential hurdles to the organization’s long-term financial viability.
FAQ section
What is the core technology of Codexis, Inc.?
The enterprise specializes in pharmaceutical biocatalysis, engineering specialized enzymes. Its flagship emerging technology is the ECO Synthesis™ platform, designed for the fully enzymatic manufacturing of RNA-based therapeutics.
What was the total revenue for Codexis in 2024?
The consolidated total revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, was $59.345 million.
Is Codexis a profitable company?
No. The enterprise reported a severe net loss of $(65.276) million for the fiscal year 2024 and carries a massive accumulated deficit of $562.8 million.
Who are the main competitors for Codexis’s ECO Synthesis platform?
Primary competitors include large Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (CDMOs) like Agilent Technologies that utilize traditional chemical SPOS methods, as well as early-stage competitors pursuing enzymatic approaches like EnPlusOne Biosciences.
Does Codexis develop its own pharmaceutical drugs?
No. The enterprise previously developed its own portfolio of biotherapeutic product candidates but has strategically pivoted to act exclusively as a technology and enzyme supplier to external pharmaceutical developers.
What are the primary sources of revenue for Codexis?
Revenue is generated through two main segments: Product Revenue (the physical sale of proprietary enzymes) and Research and Development Revenue (milestone payments, technology access fees, and collaborative research funding).
What major risk does Codexis face regarding its clients?
A massive operational risk is the regulatory dependency on its clients. If a customer’s therapeutic candidate fails in FDA clinical trials, Codexis loses all associated future milestone payments and commercial supply revenues tied to that specific product.
Official Site: https://codexis.com
Source: Content on FirmsWorld.com is based on publicly available corporate filings, regulatory disclosures, annual reports, SEC 10-K filings, investor relations materials, and, where applicable, direct communications with the company.
